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The Battle of Tours (October 732),〔Oman, 1960, p. 167, gives the traditional date of October 10, 732. Lynn White, Jr., ''Medieval Technology and Social Change'', 1962, citing M. Baudot, 1955, goes with October 17, 733. Roger Collins, ''The Arab Conquest of Spain'', 1989, concludes "late (October?) 733" based on the "likely" appointment date of the successor of Abdul Rahman, who was killed in the battle. See White, p. 3, note 3, and Collins, pp. 90-91.〕 also called the Battle of Poitiers and, by Arab sources, Battle of the Palace of the Martyrs ((アラビア語:معركة بلاط الشهداء), transliterated as ''ma'arakat Balâṭ ash-Shuhadâ'')〔Arabic language dictionaries: Al-Ghani Dictionary, Al-Ra-ed Dictionary,and Al-Waseit Dictionary mentions that the meaning of "Balat" is the Palace of a king〕〔the origin of the Arabic word Balat is the same of the Latin word Palatium, and the English word Palace〕〔Balat AL-Shuhada, led by Abd Ar-Rahman Al-Ghafiqi, by Dr. Shawqi Abu Khalil, published in Dar Al-Fekr, Damascus, Syria, and Dar Al-Fekr Al-Mo-aser, Beirut, Lebanon. "Third Edition". ISBN 1-57547-503-0. Page: 32 : the word "Balat" means the Palace of a king〕 was fought in an area between the cities of Poitiers and Tours, in north-central France, near the village of Moussais-la-Bataille, about northeast of Poitiers. The location of the battle was close to the border between the Frankish realm and then-independent Aquitaine. The battle pitted Frankish and Burgundian〔Bachrach, 2001, p. 276.〕〔Fouracre, 2002, p. 87 citing the ''Vita Eucherii'', ed. W. Levison, ''Monumenta Germaniæ Historica, Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum'' VII, pp. 46–53, ch. 8, pp. 49–50; ''Gesta Episcoporum Autissiodorensium'', extracts ed. G. Waitz, ''Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores'' XIII, pp. 394–400, ch. 27, p. 394.〕 forces under Austrasian Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel against an army of the Umayyad Caliphate led by 'Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, Governor-General of al-Andalus. The Franks were victorious. 'Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi was killed, and Charles subsequently extended his authority in the south. Ninth-century chroniclers, who interpreted the outcome of the battle as divine judgment in his favour, gave Charles the nickname ''Martellus'' ("The Hammer"). Details of the battle, including its exact location and the number of combatants, cannot be determined from accounts that have survived. Notably, the Frankish troops won the battle without cavalry.〔Schoenfeld, 2001, p. 366.〕 Later Christian chroniclers and pre-20th century historians praised Charles Martel as the champion of Christianity, characterizing the battle as the decisive turning point in the struggle against Islam, a struggle which preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe; according to modern military historian Victor Davis Hanson, "most of the 18th and 19th century historians, like Gibbon, saw Poitiers (Tours), as a landmark battle that marked the high tide of the Muslim advance into Europe."〔Hanson, 2001, p. 166.〕 Leopold von Ranke felt that "Poitiers was the turning point of one of the most important epochs in the history of the world."〔Ranke, Leopold von. "History of the Reformation", vol. 1, 5〕 There is little dispute that the battle helped lay the foundations of the Carolingian Empire and Frankish domination of Europe for the next century. Most historians agree that "the establishment of Frankish power in western Europe shaped that continent's destiny and the Battle of Tours confirmed that power."〔Davis, 1999, p. 106.〕 ==Background== The Battle of Tours followed 21 years of Umayyad conquests in Europe which had begun with the invasion of the Visigothic Christian Kingdoms of the Iberian peninsula in 711. These were followed by military expeditions into the Frankish territories of Gaul, former provinces of the Roman Empire. Umayyad military campaigns had reached northward into Aquitaine and Burgundy, including a major engagement at Bordeaux and a raid on Autun. Charles's victory is widely believed to have stopped the northward advance of Umayyad forces from the Iberian peninsula, and to have preserved Christianity in Europe during a period when Muslim rule was overrunning the remains of the old Roman and Persian Empires.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Battle of Tours (European history) )〕 Most historians assume that the two armies met where the rivers Clain and Vienne join between Tours and Poitiers. The number of troops in each army is not known. The ''Mozarabic Chronicle of 754'', a Latin contemporary source which describes the battle in greater detail than any other Latin or Arabic source, states that "the people of Austrasia (Frankish forces ), greater in number of soldiers and formidably armed, killed the king, Abd ar-Rahman",〔Wolf, 2000, p. 145〕 which agrees with many Arab and Muslim historians. However, virtually all Western sources disagree, and estimate the Franks at 30,000, less than half the Muslim force.〔Davis, Paul K. "100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present"〕 Some modern historians, using estimates of what the land was able to support, and what Martel could have raised from his realm and supported during the campaign, believe the total Muslim force, counting the outlying raiding parties, which rejoined the main body before Tours, outnumbered the Franks. Drawing on non-contemporary Muslim sources, Creasy describes the Umayyad forces as 80,000 strong or more. Writing in 1999, Paul K. Davis estimates the Umayyad forces at 80,000 and the Franks at about 30,000,〔 while noting that modern historians have estimated the strength of the Umayyad army at Tours at between 20–80,000.〔Davis, p. 105.〕 However, Edward J. Schoenfeld, (rejecting the older figures of 60–400,000 Umayyad and 75,000 Franks), contends that "estimates that the Umayyads had over fifty thousand troops (and the Franks even more) are logistically impossible."〔 Similarly, historian Victor Davis Hanson believes both armies were roughly the same size, about 30,000 men.〔Hanson, Victor Davis. "Culture and Carnage: Landmark Battles in the Rise of Western Power"〕 Modern historians may be more accurate than the medieval sources as the modern figures are based on estimates of the logistical ability of the countryside to support these numbers of men and animals. Both Davis and Hanson point out that both armies had to live off the countryside, neither having a commissary system sufficient to provide supplies for a campaign. Other sources give the following estimates: "Gore places the Frankish army at 15,000 - 20,000, although other estimates range from 30,000 to 80,000. In spite of wildly varying estimates of the Saracen force, he places that army as around 20,000 - 25,000. Other estimates also range up to 80,000, with 50,000 not an uncommon estimate." 〔 Losses during the battle are unknown but chroniclers later claimed that Charles Martel's force lost about 1,500 while the Umayyad force was said to have suffered massive casualties of up to 375,000 men. However, these same casualty figures were recorded in the ''Liber pontificalis'' for Duke Odo of Aquitaine's victory at the Battle of Toulouse (721). Paul the Deacon reported correctly in his ''Historia Langobardorum'' (written around the year 785) that the ''Liber pontificalis'' mentioned these casualty figures in relation to Odo's victory at Toulouse (though he claimed that Charles Martel fought in the battle alongside Odo), but later writers, probably "influenced by the ''Continuations of Fredegar'', attributed the Saracen casualties solely to Charles Martel, and the battle in which they fell became unequivocally that of Poitiers."〔Fouracre, 2000, p. 85 citing U. Nonn, 'Das Bild Karl Martells in Mittelalterliche Quellen', in Jarnut, Nonn and Richeter (eds), Karl Martel in Seiner Zeit, pp. 9–21, at pp. 11–12.〕 The ''Vita Pardulfi'', written in the middle of the eighth century, reports that after the battle 'Abd-al-Raḥmân's forces burned and looted their way through the Limousin on their way back to Al-Andalus, which implies that they were not destroyed to the extent imagined in the ''Continuations of Fredegar''.〔Fouracre, 2000, p. 88.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Battle of Tours」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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